Powertrain Overview: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)

Details Posted on 25 March 2019 | Share: | Print

Since the creation of the first modern automobile nearly a century and a half ago, there has been one dominant engine option on the market, the gasoline internal combustion engine. Now the gasoline internal combustion engine has some challengers trying to steal the crown. There have been many different types of engines in the past but many of them relied solely on fossil fuels to operate.

Recently because of increasing fuel economy standards and emission awareness, a new breed of engines is emerging, many relying on electricity to aid in powering the vehicle. With these new power plants comes a new set of rules and warnings on how to repair them. A lot of collision technicians have an idea about how some of the new powertrains work, but not a full understanding of what is going on under the hood. It is important to understand the inner workings of the engine in order to safely and properly diagnose and repair them after a collision. In this series, we’ll walk you through many of the current engine options and how they convert the fuel they’re consuming into usable power. Let’s explore the hybrid powertrain.

Hybrid powertrains still utilize a gasoline internal combustion engine, however, the way the power is used is very different. Also, a hybrid adds an electric powertrain to the vehicle. When the vehicle is under a stronger load, such as acceleration, the internal combustion engine turns on and will send its power to the wheels. At the same time a generator creates power that either goes to charging the high-voltage (HV) battery, or to the motor to assist in moving the vehicle, taking some of the load off of the internal combustion engine. When not a lot of power is needed, like maintaining cruising speed or traveling at low speeds, the electric motor will use battery power to move the vehicle. In the meantime, the gasoline engine will be turned off. Whenever the vehicle is stopped both the gasoline engine and electric motor will shut down so no fuel and very little power is consumed.

These vehicles will have a 12 V battery to run accessories and an HV battery to run the electric motor. Due to the high voltage, it is extremely important to properly disable the battery before service is performed. The HV battery can cause serious injury or death if not handled properly. Make sure to consult the service information for proper disable procedure. Also, the 12 V battery will need to be disconnected and isolated when welding is performed so that damage does not occur. Hybrid systems normally will have their own separate cooling system typically with a special coolant. This will need to be serviced and filled separate from the gasoline engine cooling system. Finally, hybrid HVAC systems require special parts and fluids. Normally an insulated coolant storage tank is utilized to hold hot coolant to heat the passenger compartment when the gasoline engine is not running. Also, the air conditioner compressor will be electric so the AC works when the gasoline engine is off, this will require a special oil when being serviced.

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